I came across this question online a few days ago and it made me pause and scroll back up. Wait, wait, wait. Is this person confusing Thor with Zeus? It’s an easy mistake to make, given how often ancient gods appear in popular media. Or are they asking a genuinely more fascinating question: Is Thor the Nordic equivalent of the Greek Zeus?
Now, before I continue, I have a confession to make. I adore mythology. As a child, my favorite book was about the Greek gods by the Stephanides Brothers. I was so obsessed with it that I read it until the pages started falling apart. Eventually, I had to retire the book to a safe shelf, where it could enjoy a well-earned rest under a blanket of dust bunnies, free from the risk of any more pages falling out.
This was only the start of my lifelong fascination with mythology. As I grew older, I devoured every book on Greek mythology I could find. I also dipped my toes into Nordic and Celtic myths, and even explored more obscure legends from Polynesia and Mesoamerica. Now imagine my pure delight when as a bright-eyed first-year university student, I discovered the field of comparative mythology.
What is comparative mythology?
Comparative mythology is based on the observation that mythologies (or religions) share common characters and themes. These similarities likely date back to a time when our ancestors shared similar beliefs and bedtime stories before spreading across the globe. Even before the first organized religions, our ancestors engaged in rituals and created stories to explain natural phenomena and make sense of the world around them. We seldom realize how much these ancient myths have influenced modern religions and, more specifically, popular culture.
A great example is the story of the Flood. In this myth, a divine flood is sent to punish mankind. However, one special individual receives a divine warning to build a boat. He follows the instructions just in time, as the great flood arrives and a terrible storm rages for seven days and seven nights. After the flood, he disembarks on a mountain and repopulates the earth. You probably recognize this as the story of Noah from the Bible. But wait! This plot also appears in an ancient Sumerian myth featuring Ziusudra. And again in an Akkadian myth featuring a similar character, this time called Atrahasis. And once more in the Babylonian epic of Gilgamesh with Utnapishtim. And variations of it are also recorded in Greek and Hindu mythology.
The story of the flood is particularly prevalent in the Near East, where early civilizations along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers experienced regular flooding. These tales of a catastrophic flood were likely passed down through generations, with details and names changing but the central motif remaining the same.
Something similar occurred further north, around the Black and Caspian Seas, among a group of people referred to as Indo-Europeans. Living in the steppes, they were likely among the first to domesticate horses. They shared a common Proto-Indo-European language, and a common mythos. As they spread out from their ancestral homelands, they took their language and religion with them. Those who went south became the Persians, those who went east reached the Indus Valley and became Indians (Hindus), and those who went west became Greeks. Later, other groups arrived, each with a slightly different dialect, including Italic (Roman), Germanic, Slavic, Celtic, and Baltic.
Indo-European mythologies
Today, the term ‘Indo-European’ is primarily linguistic. Most European languages, with a few exceptions like Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian, belong to the Indo-European language family. You may have noticed how Spanish and Italian sound similar, how Danish and Swedish are alike, and how knowing German makes understanding Dutch easier. The Indo-European language tree also includes Icelandic, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Gaelic, and Hindi, among others.
Linguists study these shared origins through ancient words. Take the word ‘daughter’, for example. Compare it in various modern and ancient languages: ‘dotter’ (Norwegian and Swedish), ‘Tochter’ (German), ‘dochter’ (Dutch), ‘duktė’ (Lithuanian), ‘дочка’ (dotchka, Russian), ‘duster’ (Armenian)‘, dohtor’ (Old English), ‘dohtar’ (Proto-Germanic), ‘dottir’ (Old Norse), ‘dauhtar’ (Gothic), ‘dušti’ (Old Slavonic), ‘thugater’ (Ancient Greek), ‘duhitr’ (Sanskrit). All trace back to the Proto-Indo-European word ‘dughter’. Similar patterns appear with words like ‘mother’ (‘mitera’ in Greek and ‘maatr’ in Sanskrit) and ‘father’ (‘patera’ in Greek and ‘pitr’ in Sanskrit).
As time and distance increased, unique cultures and languages developed, but traces of their proto-mythology remain. Just as we see common roots in languages, we find recurring characters and themes in mythologies. These include a male sky god, a female earth goddess, deities of the sun, moon and the dawn, a pair of twins, a trickster figure, and a hero who slays monsters. There are also common story themes, which include a thunder god defeating a multi-headed beast, tales of two brothers with one sacrificing the other, and depictions of an underworld accessible only by crossing a river.
Greek vs Norse mythology
Greek mythology is undoubtedly the best-known of the ancient mythologies and one that is deeply embedded in Western culture. Who doesn’t know the stories written by Homer, of Odysseus and the Trojan War? When I was a kid, it seemed like Greek mythology was everywhere in popular media. There were the Percy Jackson books, the movie Troy, and of course the popular TV series Hercules and Xena: Warrior Princess (such a badass show and character!). These days, the influence of Greek mythology in popular media seems to have waned, giving way to Norse mythology. Neil Gaiman’s American Gods prominently features Norse mythology (among other myths, to be fair). Vikings have also become a popular TV trend in recent years, and while they don’t typically feature mythological characters, they have popularized concepts from Norse sagas, such as Valhalla and Ragnarök. And of course, the Marvel Cinematic Universe has made characters like Thor, Loki, and Odin household names.
Zeus vs. Thor
Zeus was the head of the Greek pantheon and seems to be the direct equivalent of the Proto-Indo-European sky god, known for wielding thunderbolts. He was also known as the bringer of rain and the spreader of justice. However, I mostly remember Zeus from the myths as a hopelessly horny dude who went around impregnating women. I kid you not, but in one of the stories, he fell in love with a woman called Danae and entered her room as a shower of golden rain (nope, still not joking), thus fathering the Greek hero Perseus. Well, that’s Zeus for you.
Now Zeus and Thor do have something in common: Zeus wielded thunderbolts, and Thor was the god of thunder. The name Thor literally means thunder. But that’s where their similarities end. Thor was practical, predictable, and trustworthy. His job was to battle giants and other monsters, and he enjoyed a good feast. Known for his bravery and strength, Thor was more similar to another Greek monster-fighting hero – Hercules. Both Thor and Hercules were overly confident and stubborn, often leading them into tricky situations. And they were both sons of the ruler of the gods (Hercules’ father was Zeus, and Thor’s father was Odin).
As for Zeus, if anyone has to be his equivalent in Norse mythology, the closest analog would be Odin (or the Old Germanic name ‘Wodan’) himself. As the head of the Norse pantheon, he wasn’t a warrior but a wise and cunning leader. Like Zeus, he was also known to do some morally ambiguous things, like disguise himself and use deception to achieve his goals. However, he is not particularly associated with the sky in the same way Zeus is, making it hard to consider him a sky god. Rather, Odin dealt in various forms of magic, interacted with the souls of dead warriors, could change into animals, and is associated with the myth of the Wild Hunt, where a ghostly band of hunters and hounds flew across the midwinter sky. As such, Odin was more related to death and the otherworld.
So, the answer to the question whether Thor and Zeus are the same, is a resounding no. Thor and Zeus are not the same, far from it. While both are associated with thunder and lightning, that’s where their similarities end. The closest equivalent to Thor in Greek mythology is Hercules, and for Zeus, it would probably be Odin.
What determines the position of a rainbow?
What is the origin of the word ‘helicopter’?
Why are global birth rates falling? Part 3
Why are global birth rates falling? Part 2
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Astronomers first discovered Cha 1107-7626 in 2008, and since then, they have observed it with different telescopes to learn more about how the infant planet evolves, as well as to study its surroundings.
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The research team observed the planet with Webb in 2024, making a clear detection of the surrounding disk. Next, the researchers studied it using the X-shooter spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope, which can capture different wavelengths of light emitted by an object ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared.
The observations detected a puzzling event as the planet transitioned from a steady accretion rate in April and May to a burst of growth between June and August.
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“I fully expected that this is a short-term event, because those are much more common,” Scholz said. “When the burst kept going through July and August, I was absolutely stunned.”
Follow-up observations made using the Webb telescope also showed that the chemistry of the disk had changed. Water vapor, present during the growth spurt, wasn’t in the disk before. Webb is the only telescope capable of capturing such detailed changes in the environment for such a faint object, Scholz said. Prior to this research, astronomers had only ever seen the chemistry of a disk change around a star, but not around a planet.
Comparing observations from before and during the event showed that magnetic activity seems to be the main driver behind how much gas and dust is falling on the planet — a phenomenon typically associated with stars as they grow.
But the new observations suggest that objects with much less mass than stars — the rogue world is less than 1% the mass of our sun — can have strong magnetic fields capable of driving the growth of the object, according to the study authors.
An infrared image taken with the Visible and Infrared Telescope for Astronomy shows Cha 1107-7626, a dot located in the center.
An infrared image taken with the Visible and Infrared Telescope for Astronomy shows Cha 1107-7626, a dot located in the center. ESO/Meingast et al.
A planet that acts like a star
The origin of rogue planets remains murky. It’s possible they are planets that are kicked out of orbit around stars due to the gravitational influence of other objects. Or perhaps they are the lowest-mass objects that happen to form like stars. For Cha 1107-7626, astronomers said they think it’s the latter.
“This object most likely formed in a way similar to stars — from the collapse and fragmentation of a molecular cloud,” Scholz said.
A molecular cloud is a massive, cold cloud of gas and dust that can stretch for hundreds of light-years, according to NASA.
“We’re struck by quite how much the infancy of free-floating planetary-mass objects resembles that of stars like the Sun,” Jayawardhana said in a statement. “Our new findings underscore that similarity, and imply that some objects comparable to giant planets form the way stars do, from contracting clouds of gas and dust accompanied by disks of their own, and they go through growth episodes just like newborn stars.”
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The trial of Bryan Kohberger – the man who brutally murdered four University of Idaho students inside their off-campus home – ended in July before it ever truly began when he accepted a plea deal that saw him sentenced to four consecutive life terms in prison without the possibility of an appeal or parole.
Kohberger sat impassively throughout the hearing as the loved ones of each of the four students whose lives he so callously ended repeatedly asked him the same question: Why?
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And when he was finally given the opportunity to answer their questions, he said, “I respectfully decline.”
That decision further fueled the mystery around his motive for murdering Xana Kernodle, Madison Mogen, Ethan Chapin and Kaylee Goncalves.
“There’s no reason for these crimes that could approach anything resembling rationality,” Idaho District Judge Steven Hippler said during Kohberger’s sentencing. “The more we try to extract a reason, the more power and control we give to him.”
But, he added, investigators and researchers may wish to study his actions – if only to learn how to prevent similar crimes from occurring in the future.
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Indeed, academics and former FBI profilers told CNN the challenge of unravelling the criminal mind of a man like Bryan Kohberger is enticing. And while his trial may be over, in many ways, the story of what can be learned from his crimes may have only just begun.
“We want to squeeze any silver lining that we can out of these tragedies,” said Molly Amman, a retired profiler who spent years leading the FBI’s Behavioral Threat Assessment Center.
“The silver lining is anything we can use to prevent another crime. It starts with learning absolutely, positively everything about the person and the crime that we possibly can.”
CNN
Only Kohberger knows
Even seasoned police officers who arrived at 1122 King Road on November 13, 2022, struggled to process the brutality of the crime scene.
All four victims had been ruthlessly stabbed to death before the attacker vanished through the kitchen’s sliding glass door and into the night.
“The female lying on the left half of the bed … was unrecognizable,” one officer would later write of the attack that killed Kaylee Goncalves. “I was unable to comprehend exactly what I was looking at while trying to discern the nature of the injuries.”
Initial interviews with the two surviving housemates gave investigators a loose timeline and a general description of the killer – an athletic, White male who wore a mask that covered most of his face – but little else.
Police later found a Ka-Bar knife sheath next to Madison’s body that would prove to be critical in capturing her killer.
One of the surviving housemates told police about a month before the attacks, Kaylee saw “a dark figure staring at her from the tree line when she took her dog Murphy out to pee.”
“There has been lighthearted talk and jokes made about a stalker in the past,” the officer noted. “All the girls were slightly nervous about it being a fact, though.”
But after years of investigating the murders, detectives told CNN they were never able to establish a connection between Kohberger and any of the victims, or a motive.
Kohberger is far from the first killer to deny families and survivors the catharsis that comes with confessing, in detail, to his crimes. But that, former FBI profilers tell CNN, is part of what makes the prospect of studying him infuriating and intriguing.
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